Human papillomavirus: typing and genotyping

More than 120 types of HPV are known in medicine, which are classified according to various approaches. There is a summary table of the main types of viruses, based on the results of large-scale screening studies:

Symptoms	A type
Skin:
Plantar warts	1, 2, 4
Common warts	2, 4, 26, 27, 29, 57
Flat warts	3, 10, 28, 49
Butcher's warts	7
Epidermodysplasia wart	5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 36
Non-warty skin lesions	37, 38
The genital mucous membranes:
Genital warts	6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 54
Nonondylomatous lesions	6, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70
Carcinoma	16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56, 66, 68
Lesions of the mucous membranes and not the genitals:
Papilloma of the larynx	6, 11, 30
Carcinoma of the neck, tongue	2, 6, 11, 16, 18, 30

All neoplasms are divided depending on the oncological danger, localization and shape of skin growths.

1. Location of infection: Alpha - affects the mucous membranes of the genitals in both men and women, manifested as condyloma. Beta - affects the superficial layers of the epidermis, manifests itself on the superficial layers of the epidermis with classic warts.
2. The genotype of the virus determines its oncogenic potential, that is, its ability to cause oncological degeneration of infected tissues. Genotyping distinguishes these types of infection by the risk of oncogenicity: Low risk - 6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 53, 54, 55. Intermediate - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66 Rich rice - 16, 18, 45, 56.
3. Forms of skin neoplasms. Papillomas are divided into five main categories. The simplest are the most common type of growth. As it grows, a warm-colored keratinized tuber is formed. Warts are localized on the skin, both singly and in groups. Most often occur on the inner and outer sides of the hand, the lower part of the face (lips, chin). There are also plantar growths. Flat - have a dark color and appear as small tufts on the skin. As a rule, they appear on the upper part of the body, less often on the genitals. Very often they make themselves felt in adolescence with a failure of the immune system, occurring in the neck and arms. Pointed - condylomas affect the mucous membranes and are included in the oncogenic risk category. Filiform - skin tag or senile papillomas occur in middle-aged and elderly people. Internal moles - localized on internal organs. This category includes condylomas on the walls of the stomach and rectum, growths in the mouth and bladder.

The method of diagnosis, treatment and prevention depends on the type of neoplasm detected.

High risk human papillomavirus

HPV is one of the most common viruses. Most often, infection occurs through sexual and family contact. For many years, the virus can remain inactive and not manifest itself. It can be activated by various factors, for example a weakened immune system or chronic diseases.

High-risk human papillomaviruses are particularly dangerous. This category includes:

• Medium oncogenicity - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66
• High carcinogenicity - 16, 18, 45, 56, 59, 68.

Oncogenic human papillomaviruses

Carcinogenic HPV is a serious danger, that is, viruses that can cause malignant degeneration of healthy cells. The risk group includes the following genotypes: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 68, 56, 58, 39, 70. They significantly increase the likelihood of developing cancer of the genitals, uterus, the anus and urethra.

Oncogenic viruses manifest themselves as genital warts. Their appearance is a signal to seek medical help and remove neoplasms.

Human papillomavirus 1

This infectious agent gives rise to the development of heel and common warts. Very often with this papillomavirus, deep lesions appear on the feet, causing discomfort and pain in the wearer. Bumps can form on the back of the hands and on the chin. In some cases, they appear on the eyelids, scalp, fingers and toes.

This type of virus has low oncogenicity. At the same time, it is impossible to completely remove it from the body. Modern drugs are able to temporarily suspend its activity. The treatment is aimed at eliminating cosmetic problems, that is, removing growths. In the future, therapy is carried out to increase the defenses of the immune system. It is mandatory to prescribe drugs that inhibit papillomatosis.

Human papillomavirus 4

Another common form of viral illness. Manifested by heel and common warts. As the growths grow, they darken and acquire a rough surface. In some cases, smaller formations form around a large wart.

Patients complain of itching, burning, and pain in the affected area. HPV 4 also promotes the development of calluses and calluses on the soles of the feet.

This genotype does not present a risk of malignant transformation. For treatment, surgical removal of growths is used with additional immunotherapy of the patient.

Human papillomavirus 5

Responsible for the development of different types of growth. Most often, papillomavirus 5 leads to the appearance of warts or verruciform epidermodysplasia. The disease is rare and manifests itself as a large accumulation of warts. The pathological condition develops in youth and continues throughout life. According to statistics, women are more likely to get sick than men.

Verruciform epidermodysplasia (EVL) is essentially a unique predisposition of the epidermis to infection with the papillomavirus. In this case, HPV 5 has high carcinogenicity, that is, the risk of degeneration of the skin turns into squamous cell carcinoma.

Typical symptoms of epidermodysplasia:

• Small, warty growths that merge into large lesions as they develop.
• Rashes appear on the face, back, neck, abdomen and even on the buttocks.
• When the skin is damaged, linear warty structures appear at the wound site.
• On the body and limbs, the growths are larger and denser than on the face and neck.

Human papillomavirus 6

The sixth type of HPV is diagnosed in middle-aged and older people. Neoplasms are pink or flesh-colored and resemble cauliflower. This type of papillomavirus is included in the group of infections with low oncogenicity and increases the risk of such pathologies:

• Genital warts (condylomas).
• Laryngeal papillomatosis.
• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Conjunctival papillomas.

Treatment consists of antiviral and restorative therapy, surgical removal of the neoplasm. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures: personal hygiene, balanced diet, increased immunity.

Human papillomavirus 7

After infection with HPV 7, so-called butcher's warts or butcher's warts appear on the skin. They represent painless light brown growths that are most often located on the elbows and shoulders.

Butcher's warts occur in people who have frequent contact with raw meat. The infection enters the skin through minor lesions. The growths appear on the elbows and hands in bulging, painless formations.

Human papillomavirus 11

HPV type 11 is most commonly diagnosed in women and manifests as genital warts. The pathological process involves the skin and mucous membranes. This HPV has low carcinogenicity, that is, it is not susceptible to malignant transformation.

Both men and women who are sexually active and change sex partners often are at risk for this disease. An infection can occur with other genital infections. When infected with genome 11, the pathogen is incorporated into the human chromosome set, infecting the daughter cells of the carrier.

The main symptoms of the disease are:

• Single or multiple rashes.
• Growths in women appear on the lips, cervix, clitoris, urethra.
• In men, neoplasms appear on the head and body of the penis, scrotum, frenulum.
• In both sexes, papillomas have adjacent locations: anus, perineum, oropharynx, bladder, perianal region.

Diagnosis is carried out depending on the type of casting structures and is not difficult. It is impossible to completely destroy the virus, but there are a number of therapeutic methods that can suppress its activity. For this, special drugs are used. Cryodestruction methods, laser therapy, and other surgical techniques are used to remove skin changes.

Prevention of HPV 11 infection relies on adherence to barrier methods of contraception to prevent infection during sex. It is also recommended to strengthen the immune system to increase its protective properties.

Human papillomavirus 12

Under the action of certain factors, HPV 12 can manifest itself as verruciform or verrucous epidermodysplasia. This pathological condition is also called Lewandowski-Lutz disease. It refers to a genetic disorder.

Papilloma virus 12 requires a full diagnosis. This is due to the fact that the disease it causes can lead to serious skin defects and serious complications. In ¼ of patients, the affected tissue transforms into squamous cell carcinoma.

Human papillomavirus 16

One of the most common papillomaviruses, diagnosed in 60% of people, is HPV 16 (human papillomavirus). This type of infection is oncogenic and leads to the following pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Carcinoma of the genitals.
• Carcinoma of the neck, tongue.

After infection, the virus is incorporated into DNA regions of healthy cells, thereby disrupting the body's natural anti-tumor immunity. According to statistics, in 42% of cases, it is the 16th genotype that is the main cause of cervical cancer.

Human papillomavirus 18

One of the most common urogenital viral infections is papillomatosis. Type 18 of this infection is associated with diseases such as HPV 16: cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer. It has high oncogenicity. Incorporation into the human genome causes the growth of benign growths, which gradually degenerate into cancer. In 70% of cases, HPV 18 is detected in women with uterine cancer.

Treatment is prescribed only after a full diagnosis and establishment of the likelihood of malignancy of neoplasms. Therapy consists of surgical removal of growths, 2-3 courses of antiviral and immunostimulant drugs. At the same time, it should be taken into account that today there is no drug that completely neutralizes the 18th genotype of papillomavirus.

Human papillomavirus 21

Another type of infection that causes verruciform epidermodysplasia is HPV 21. At the same time, it belongs to viruses with low carcinogenicity. Most often it is manifested by anogenital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.

Since the infection does not enter the bloodstream, but only affects the skin, scrapings of the epidermis and smears of the mucous membranes are used for diagnosis. Complex treatment aimed at eliminating skin defects and strengthening the immune system.

Human papillomavirus 31

To date, more than a hundred papillomaviruses are known, among which there are oncogenes, that is, those that can provoke malignant processes in the body. HPV 31 denotes an infection of moderate carcinogenicity, which, under the influence of certain factors, leads to oncological lesions.

31 genotypes are associated with the following diseases:

• Neoplasia of 2 and 3 degrees of severity.
• Dysplasia and cancer of the cervix.
• Penile cancer.
• Anal cancer.
• Cancer of the oral cavity and larynx.
• Bowen's disease.
• Keira's erythroplasia.
• Dental complications.

The infection most often occurs during unprotected sex and presents the same danger to women and men. Infection is possible when the virus comes in contact with an open wound or during childbirth, that is, transmission from mother to child.

Human papillomavirus 33

HPV of this type is most often diagnosed in women, as it contributes to the development of such diseases:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Genital carcinoma.
• Dysplasia of the cervix.
• Cervical cancer.

The pathological condition is considered anthropogenic, infection occurs only between people. 2-4 months after HPV 33 enters the body, genital warts start to form on the genitals with accompanying painful symptoms.

Human papillomavirus 35

Infection with this HPV is dangerous by the development of malignant processes in the body. Type 35 is diagnosed in both men and women, but it is only in the latter that it causes serious problems.

The infection is manifested by condylomatous lesions of the perineum, external genitalia, anus and oral cavity (root of the tongue, internal part of the cheek). Infection can cause the development of dysplasia and cancerous processes of the cervix.

It is not so easy to cure HPV 35, therefore, special attention is paid to preventive measures: safe sex, healthy lifestyle, strengthening of the immune system, etc. In case of infection, treatment consists of a set of techniques aimed at removing skin defects and suppressing the activity of papillomatosis.

Human papillomavirus 39

This genotype presents a serious danger and threat to life, as it contributes to the degeneration of healthy tissue into malignant tissue. Women are the most susceptible to HPV 39 because it damages the internal genitalia. Infection can cause dysplasia and cancer of the cervix.

The infection may not manifest itself in any way for a long period of time, feeding on healthy tissue and increasing in size.

• The external symptoms of the infection are skin growths on the inner walls of the vagina, the mucous membranes of the cervical canal, in the cervical region.
• Less commonly, condylomas form on the external genitalia, as well as around the outlet of the urethra or near the anus.
• Neoplasms appear as single and multiple growths that outwardly resemble cauliflower.

Human papillomavirus 44

From an oncology point of view, HPV type 44 is safe. In this case, the infection with this infection manifests as genital warts and genital warts on the cervix and other important organs.

Treatment of skin growths is carried out to eliminate cosmetic discomfort, that is, neoplasms are removed. In addition, all patients are prescribed a course of antiviral drugs and immunostimulants to suppress the papillomatous infection in the body.

Human papillomavirus 45

Another representative of the group of oncogenic papillomaviruses with a high risk of degeneration is type 45. The infection is characterized by the following manifestations:

• Genital warts.
• Bowenoid papulosis.
• Genital warts.
• Dysplasia and cancer of the cervix.

The infection occurs during unprotected sex. A man is a carrier of the virus, although he may not know it. In women, the infection manifests as warty growths on the genitals. The pathology is very dangerous for the female body and requires serious treatment. It can take more than 20 years from the time of infection to the development of a malignant tumor caused by HPV 45.

In the diagnostic process, PCR, oxygen testing, calcoscopy, biopsy, and cytological studies are performed to identify the pathogenic genotype. Treatment depends on the stage of the disease.

Human papillomavirus 51

This type of HPV belongs to anogenital infections with moderate oncogenic risk. The infection mainly occurs through sexual contact and can lead to the following problems:

• Dysplasia and cancer of the cervix.
• Oncological lesions of the anus, vulva or vagina in women.
• Malignant tumors of the anus and penis in men.
• Genital warts.
• Giant condyloma Buschke-Levenshtein.

To diagnose HPV, 51 patients must have a urogenital smear. With its help, clinical confirmation of the presence of infection in the body, genotyping and assessment of the risk of malignancy is carried out.

There are no drugs specially formulated to treat this type of infection. The therapy is aimed at preventing malignant transformations and mobilizing the body's anti-tumor immunity.

Human papillomavirus 52

According to medical statistics, HPV 52 is identified in 70% of cases in women over 35 years old. The infection most often occurs during unprotected sex. The painful condition is associated with the following pathologies:

• Genital warts and genital warts.
• Colon cancer in men.
• Dysplasia and cancer of the cervix.

It is impossible to cure the virus completely, but with early diagnosis and proper treatment, cells can be protected from destruction and malignancy. To do this, surgical removal of the growths, antiviral therapy, and medication to strengthen the immune system are performed.

Human papillomavirus 53

Infection with HPV 53 is possible through contact with the mucous membranes or skin cells of an infected person. This genotype has low carcinogenicity and therefore does not present a risk of malignant transformation.

After infection, the virus can remain inactive for an extended period of time. The action of various factors, for example, a weakening of the protective properties of the immune system leads to its activation. Because of this, the cells of the epidermis begin to actively divide, forming verrucous neoplasms and genital warts.

Treatment of papillomavirus type 53 is reduced to removing skin growths, taking antiviral drugs, and strengthening immunity.

Human papillomavirus 56

One of the types of infection with the human papillomavirus is HPV 56. This type is characterized by high oncogenicity and is associated with the following pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Dysplasia and cancer of the cervix.
• Carcinoma of the mucous membranes of the genitals.

The virus is dangerous for women and men, causing genital warts and other neoplasms. Penetration of infection into the body occurs through the mucous membranes during unprotected sex or with open lesions of the epidermis.

HPV 56 requires complex treatment. Therapy involves taking antiviral drugs, removing growths surgically, and strengthening the immune system. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures to protect the body from infections.

Human papillomavirus 58

The viral pathogen of the category of medium risk of malignant transformation is type 58. The infection is included in the alpha group, that is, it contributes to the appearance of such pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Condylomas of the internal surface of the anus.
• Dysplasia and cancer of the cervix.

After being introduced into the body, it causes the appearance of small growths with a dense and soft structure. Depending on the location, they can be light pink or brown. This genotype very often manifests itself in the neck, armpits, intestines, external and internal genitalia and bladder.

The danger of infection is due to the latent course of the infectious process. Since the pathogen can remain dormant for a long period of time. Timely diagnosis and an integrated approach to treatment can prevent complications from human papillomavirus type 58.

Human papillomavirus 59

The HPV 59 genotype refers to oncogenic viruses. Under the action of certain factors, it can damage the tissues of the cervix and uterine epithelium, causing a precancerous condition. Infection with this pathogen occurs during unprotected anal or vaginal contact, less often during oral sex.

Often the infection does not manifest itself for a long time. But the appearance of skin growths and warts indicates its activation. Genital warts form on the external genitals and their mucous membranes.

To diagnose a painful condition, viral DNA analysis and PCR are done. Treatment involves taking antiviral drugs to suppress the infection.

Human papillomavirus 66

Very often, the appearance of warts and papillomas on the body is associated with infection with papillomavirus type 66. In this case, the skin growths have the most inappropriate localization: armpits, perianal and periorbital regions, perineum, mucous membranesgenitals.

Usually, after infection, the infection is dormant for a long period of time. But under the action of certain factors, it is activated. These factors include:

• Weakening of the immune system's defenses.
• Unbalanced diet.
• Bad habits.
• Frequent change of sex partners and unprotected sex.
• Non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene.
• Frequent abortions and more.

Treatment for HPV 66 is aimed at removing skin growths and eliminating the factors that cause the infection to spread. Antiviral therapy and vitamins are taken to increase immunity. Preventive measures include vaccination, timely treatment of any disease and a healthy lifestyle.

Human papillomavirus 67

According to the studies carried out, HPV type 67 belongs to viruses with an average status of oncological degeneration. In other words, infection with this genotype, under certain conditions, can cause precancerous conditions.

The infection penetrates the mucous membranes and damaged skin. The infection manifests as papillomatous growths on the body. Growths can also form on the mucous membrane of the cervix.

Human papillomavirus 68

The HPV genotype has low oncogenicity and manifests as skin growths of varying localization. The strong spread of defects and their frequent trauma are dangerous. Because at this stage, viral DNA replaces healthy cells, modifying their structure. If the problem is left without medical attention, the active progression of papillomavirus type 68 can lead to carcinoma.